Research Focus

• Physiological and biochemical basis of stress tolerance in plants.
• Sugarcane quality management, with emphasis on the responsible use of chemical ripeners.
• Participatory on-farm research and knowledge exchange to promote adoption of best management practices by sugarcane farmers.

• The use of chemical ripeners for sugarcane quality management focusing on cultivar responses and climatic influences on chemical efficacy.
• Innovations facilitating on-farm sugarcane quality management decisions to enable the responsible and informed use of chemical ripeners.
• Participatory on-farm research and knowledge exchange with sugarcane farmers.

• Ensuring the responsible use of chemical ripeners in the South African sugar industry.
• Conversion of peer-reviewed research findings to best management practices for profitable and sustainable sugarcane production in South Africa.
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van Heerden PDR (2019). Response of selected South African coastal sugarcane varieties to chemical ripeners: Active ingredient effectiveness and associated impacts on grower and miller sustainability. International Sugar Journal 121: 902 – 904.

Van Antwerpen R, van Heerden PDR, Tweddle P, Cheong RN & Riviere V (2018). Advances in harvesting and transport of sugarcane. In: Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane Volume 1: Cultivation techniques, quality and sustainability, Rott P (Ed.), pp. 203 – 234, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK, ISBN: 978-1-78676-144-6.

van Heerden PDR, Adendorff MW, Lagerwall G, Botha P, Cronjé CPR, van der Merwe J, Nel N, Smith P, Höll E, Hyslop G, Smith V, Harris A., Harris W, Mhlongo JB, Harris DM & Dheopursad J (2015). Grower – Extensionist – Researcher partnerships: On-farm demonstration trials to facilitate adoption of chemical ripening. International Sugar Journal 117: 500-506.

van Heerden PDR, Mbatha TP & Ngxaliwe S (2015). Chemical ripening of sugarcane with trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) – Mode of action and comparative efficacy. Field Crops Research 181: 69-75.

van Heerden PDR, Singels A, Paraskevopoulos A & Rossler R (2015). Negative effects of lodging on irrigated sugarcane productivity – an experimental and crop modelling assessment. Field Crops Research 180: 135-142.

van Heerden PDR (2014). Differential acclimation capacity to frost in sugarcane varieties grown under field conditions. Plant Growth Regulation 72: 181 – 187.

van Heerden PDR (2014). Evaluation of Trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) as a new chemical ripener for the South African sugarcane industry. Sugar Tech 16(3): 295-299.

van Heerden PDR, Eggleston G & Donaldson RA (2014). Ripening and Post-harvest deterioration. In: Sugarcane Physiology, Biochemistry, and Functional Biology, Botha FC and Moore PH (Eds.), pp. 55 – 84, Wiley-Blackwell, USA, ISBN: 978-0-8138-2121-4.

Lopes MS, Araus JL, van Heerden PDR & Foyer CH (2011). Enhancing drought tolerance in C4 crops. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 3135-3153.

van Heerden PDR, Donaldson RA, Watt DA & Singels A (2010). Biomass accumulation in sugarcane – unravelling the factors underpinning reduced growth phenomena. Journal of Experimental Botany 61, 2877-2887.

Over seven years of international consultancy work and training (related to sugarcane quality management) for sugar industries in Chad, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Eswatini and Guatemala.

• In vitro tissue culture of sugarcane for the purposes of micropropagation, transgenesis, virus elimination, mutagenic breeding and germplasm conservation.
• Molecular characterisation of transgenic plants and agronomic assessment of transgenic sugarcane in the field.
• Regulatory framework for GM crops within SA.
• Conducting risk assessments of GM crops for field release.

• Deployment of NovaCane® and N12 Zapyr plants to the South African sugarcane industry.
• Progressing commercial release of eldana resistant Bt GM sugarcane that is also herbicide tolerant.
• Conducting biosafety research for regulatory approval of GM sugarcane.
• Germplasm conservation via slow growth and cryopreservation.
• Virus elimination via osmo- and cryo-therapy.
• The use of chemical mutagenesis to improve selected characteristics of South African sugarcane germplasm.

• Production of transgenic sugarcane that is eldana resistant and herbicide tolerant.
• Applied use of tissue culture for rapid bulking of sugarcane cultivars. The process has been registered as a trademark, NovaCane®.
• Deployment of N12 Zapyr, produced by mutagenic breeding, that is tolerant to imazapyr herbicide.
• Osmo- and cryo-therapy of shoot tips for virus elimination.

Gonzales-Arnao MT, Banasiak M, Snyman SJ, Sershen (2020). The potential of cryotherapy to remove Sugarcane Mosaic Virus from sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) shoot tips. CryoLetters 41(5):267-271.

Snyman SJ, Naidoo M, MP Watt and Rutherford RS (2019). An in vitro screening system to assess aluminium toxicity in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 55:403-408. DOI: 10.1007/s11627-019-09994-2

Mahlanza T, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2019). Methylglyoxal-induced enhancement of somatic embryogenesis and associated metabolic changes in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 136(2):279-287. DOI 10.1007/s11240-018-1513-7

Snyman SJ, Komape DM, Khanyi H, van den Berg J, Cilliers D, Lloyd Evans D, Barnard S and Siebert SJ (2018). Assessing the likelihood of gene flow from sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) to wild relatives in South Africa. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 6:72. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00072

Koetle MJ, Lloyd Evans D, Singh V, Snyman SJ, Rutherford RS and Watt MP (2018). Agronomic evaluation and molecular characterisation of the acetolactate synthase gene in imazapyr tolerant sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) genotypes. Plant Cell Reports 37(8):1201-1213. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2306-5

Snyman SJ, Banasiak M, Mhlanga P, Mupanehari E and Watt MP (2018). Strategies for maintaining and increasing throughput of in vitro cultures of sugarcane. Acta Horticulturae 1205:763-768. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1205.95

Snyman SJ, Shezi SN and Ramburan S (2018). Field assessment of in vitro micropropagated NovaCane® sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrids). Sugar Tech 20(5):609-612. DOI 10.1007/s12355-017-0574-y

Banasiak M and Snyman SJ (2017). Exploring in vitro germplasm conservation options for sugarcane in South Africa. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 53:402-409. DOI 10.1007/s11627-017-9853-2

Rutherford RS, Maphalala KZ, Koch AC, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2017). Field and laboratory assessments of sugarcane mutants selected in vitro for resistance to imazapyr herbicide. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 17:107-114. DOI 10.1590/1984-70332017v17n2a17.

Hajari E, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2017). The effect of form and level of inorganic N on nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane grown in pots. J Plant Nutrition 40(2):248-257. DOI 10.1080/01904167.2016.1237648.

Snyman SJ, Mhlanga P and Watt MP (2016). Rapid screening of sugarcane plantlets for in vitro mannitol-induced stress. Sugar Tech 18:437-440. DOI 10.1007/s12355-015-0411-0.

Snyman SJ, Hajari E, Watt MP, Lu Y and Kridl JC (2015). Improved nitrogen use efficiency in transgenic sugarcane: phenotypic assessment in a pot trial under low nitrogen conditions. Plant Cell Reports 34:667-669. DOI 10.1007/s00299-015-1768-y.

Hajari E, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2015). Nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties under in vitro conditions with varied N supply. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 122:21-29. DOI 10.1007/s11240-015-0746-y.

Mahlanza T, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2015). Potential of Fusarium sacchari-tolerant mutants in controlling Eldana saccharina and borer-associated Fusarium stem rot in sugarcane. European Journal of Plant Pathology (accepted) DOI 10.1007/s10658-014-0582-7.

Mahlanza T, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2014). Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resistance in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.): Effects of Fusarium spp., stalk rind, fibre and nitrogen content. African Entomology 22(3): 810-822.

Hajari E, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2014). Inorganic nitrogen uptake kinetics of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties under in vitro conditions and with varying N supply. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture: Journal of Plant Biotechnology 117:361-371..

Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2014). In vitro studies on somaclonal variation and induced mutagenesis: progress and prospects in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) – a review. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 89:1-16.

Munsamy A, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2013). 5-Azacydiine as a tool to induce somaclonal variants with useful traits in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Plant Biotechnology Reports 7:489-502.

Mahlanza T, Snyman SJ, Rutherford RS and Watt MP (2013). In vitro generation of somaclonal variant plants of sugarcane for tolerance to Fusarium sacchari. Plant Cell Reports 32:249-262.

Meyer GM and Snyman SJ (2013). Progress in research on genetically modified sugarcane in South Africa and associated regulatory requirements. Acta Horticulturae 974:43-50.

Snyman SJ, van Antwerpen, Ramgareeb S and McFarlane SA (2012). Sugarcane pathogens: detection and elimination through in vitro culture. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology 6: 12-18.

Koch AC, Ramagreeb S, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2012). An in vitro mutagenesis protocol for the production of sugarcane tolerant to the herbicide imazapyr. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant 48:417-427.

Snyman SJ, Meyer GM, Koch AC, Banasiak M and Watt MP (2011) Applications of in vitro culture systems for commercial sugarcane production and improvement. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 47:234-249. DOI 10.1007/s11627-011-9354-7I.

Snyman SJ, Nkwanyana PD and Watt MP (2011) Alleviation of hyperhydricity of sugarcane plantlets produced in RITA vessels and genotype and phenotypic characterisation of acclimated plants. South African Journal of Botany 77:685-692.

Ramgareeb S, Snyman SJ, van Antwerpen T and Rutherford RS (2010) Elimination of virus and rapid propagation of disease-free sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cultivar NCo376) using apical meristem culture. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 96:263-271. DOI 10.1007/s11240-009-9634-7.

Watt MP, Banasiak M, Reddy D, Albertse E and Snyman SJ (2009) In vitro minimal growth storage of Saccharum spp. hybrid (genotype 88H0019) at two stage of direct somatic embryogenic regeneration. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 96:263-271. DOI 10.1007/s11240-008-9483-9.

Brumbley SM, Snyman SJ, Gnanasambandam A, Joyce P, Hermann SR, da Silva JAG, McQualter RB, Wang M-L, Egan B, Patterson AH, Albert HH and Moore PH (2008) Sugarcane. In: A Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants. Volume 7: Sugar, Tuber and Fiber Crops. Eds: C Kole and TC Hall. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, pp 1-58. ISBN: 978-1-405-16710-9.

Snyman SJ, Meyer GM, Richards JM, Haricharan N, Ramgareeb S and Huckett BI (2006) Refining the application of direct embryogenesis in sugarcane: effect of the developmental phase of leaf disc explants and the timing of DNA transfer on transformation efficiency. Plant Cell Reports 25:1016-1023.

Snyman SJ (2004) Transformation of sugarcane. In: Transgenic Crops of the World – Essential protocols. Ed: IS Curtis. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp 103-114.

Leibbrandt NB and Snyman SJ (2003) Stability of gene expression and agronomic performance of a transgenic herbicide-resistant sugarcane line in South Africa. Crop Science 43:671-677.

Plant Pathology, Entomology, Integrated Pest Management, Soil Science, Physiology & Biochemistry, Molecular Biology.

• Genomics of pest and disease resistance.
• Mechanisms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
• Rapid prediction of pest and disease resistance ratings in sugarcane e.g. using Near Infrared.
• Primed epigenetic in-vitro mutation breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors.
• Plant physiological and priming effects of modern crop protection chemistries.
• Insect pest, host-plant and microbial interactions. Endophytic Beauveria  and Bacillus for pest control.
• Application of Chemical Ecology in Integrated Pest Management Systems.

• The development of NIR as a means of phenotyping pest and disease resistance in sugarcane.
• Herbicide tolerant sugarcane produced by mutagenesis.
• Fusarium resistant sugarcane produced by mutagenesis having improved resistance to Eldana saccharina.
• The production of an IPM book on eldana control.

Koetle, M.J., Jacob, R.M., Snyman, S.J. and Rutherford R.S. (2023). Long-term cultivation of adaptable cultivars in different agro-climatic zones influences the epigenetic diversity of South African sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Sugar Tech. 25: 491–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12355-022-01228-X

Koetle, M.J., Osborn, C., Snyman, S.J. and Rutherford R.S. (2023). The 5-azacytidine-induced epimutagenesis of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) for aluminium tolerance. Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 1867: 130491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130491

Koetle, M.J., Snyman, S.J. and Rutherford R.S. (2023). Rapid identification of drought tolerant sugarcane epimutants via in vitro chimera dissolution and near infrared screening ex vitro. Plant Stress. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100200

Koetle, M.J., Snyman, S.J. and Rutherford, R.S. (2022). Ex vitro morpho-physiological screening of drought tolerant sugarcane epimutants generated via 5-Azacytidine and imidacloprid treatments. Tropical Plant Biology 15: 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12042-022-09323-9

McFarlane, S.A., Kistan, C.J., Koch, A.C., Naude, A. and Rutherford, R.S. (2022) First report of orange rust caused by Puccinia kuehnii on sugarcane in South Africa. Plant Dis. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1125-PDN

Mahlanza, T., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2019). Methylglyoxal-induced enhancement of somatic embryogenesis and associated metabolic changes in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Plant Cell Tissue & Organ Culture 136: 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1513-7

Rutherford, R.S., McFarlane, S., Memela, N. and Snyman, S. (2019). Harnessing the sugarcane microbiome for improved resistance to the stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists 30: 1721-1727.

Snyman, S.J., Naidoo, M., Watt, M.P. and Rutherford, R.S. (2019). An in vitro screening system to assess aluminium toxicity in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 55: 403-408.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09994-2

Koetle, M., Evans, D.L., Singh, V., Snyman, S., Rutherford, R.S. and Watt, P. (2018). Agronomic evaluation and molecular characterisation of the acetolactate synthase gene in imazapyr tolerant sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) genotypes. Plant Cell Reports 37: 1201-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-018-2306-5

Keeping, M.G., Miles, N. and Rutherford, R.S. (2017). Liming an acid soil treated with diverse silicon sources: effects on silicon uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Journal of Plant Nutrition. 40: 1417-1436.

Martin, L.A., Evans, D.L., Castlebury, L.A., Sifundza, J.T., Comstock, J.C., Rutherford, R.S. and McFarlane, S.A. (2017). Macruropyxis fulva sp. nov., an undescribed rust (Pucciniales) infecting sugarcane in southern Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 46: 63-74 DOI 10.1007/s13313-016-0460-1

Martin, L.A., Rutherford, R.S. and McFarlane, S.A. (2017). Touchdown PCR assay for the rapid diagnosis of tawny rust caused by Macruropyxis fulva on sugarcane. Australasian Plant Pathology 46: 103-105 DOI 10.1007/s13313-016-0464-x

Naidoo, N., Ghai, M., Moodley, K., Mkhize, L., Martin, L., McFarlane, S. and Rutherford, R.S. (2017). Modified RS-LAMP assay and use of lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rapid detection of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx). Letters in Applied Microbiology 65: 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12799

Rutherford, R.S., Maphalala, K.Z., Koch, A.C., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2017). Field and laboratory assessments of sugarcane mutants selected in vitro for resistance to the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 17: 107-114.

Keeping, M.G., Rutherford, R.S., Sewpersad, C. and Miles, N. (2015) Provision of nitrogen as ammonium rather than nitrate increases silicon uptake in sugarcane. AoB PLANTS 7: plu080; doi:10.1093/aobpla/plu080

Mahlanza, T., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2015) Potential of Fusarium sacchari-tolerant mutants in controlling Eldana saccharina and borer-associated Fusarium stem rot in sugarcane. European Journal of Plant Pathology 141: online.

Way, M.J., Conlong, D.E., Martin, L.A., McFarlane, S.A., Stranack, R., Keeping, M.G. and Rutherford, R.S. (2015). First record of yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Homoptera: Aphididae), in the South African sugarcane industry. International Sugar Journal, 117: 654-656.

Ghai, M., Singh, V., Martin, L.A., McFarlane, S.A., van Antwerpen, T. and Rutherford, R.S. (2014) A rapid and visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to detect Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli targeting a transposase gene. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 59: 648-657.

Mahlanza, T., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2014) Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resistance in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.): Effects of Fusarium spp., stalk rind, fibre and nitrogen content. Afr. Entomol. 22: 810-822.

Rhodes, R., Berry, S.D., Ramouthar, P.V. and Rutherford, R.S. (2014) Evaluation of Desmodium uncinatum, Fagopyrum esculentumand Brachiaria humidicola as potential green manure crops for nematode management in sugarcane. S Afr. J. Plant Soil. 31: 25–33.

Rutherford, R.S. (2014) Mechanisms of Resistance to Pests and Pathogens in Sugarcane and Related Species. In F.C. Botha & P.H. Moore (Eds.), Sugarcane Physiology, Biochemistry, and Functional Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-0-8138-2121-4.

Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2014) In vitro studies on somaclonal variation and induced mutagenesis: Progress and prospects in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) – a review. J.Hort. Sci. & Biotech. 89: 1-16.

Sabatier, D.R., Moon, C.M., Mhora, T.T., Rutherford, R.S. and Laing, M.D. (2014) Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy as a high-throughput screening tool for pest and disease resistance in a sugarcane breeding programme. Int. Sugar J. 116: 580-583.

Mahlanza, T., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2013) In vitro generation of somaclonal variant plants of sugarcane for tolerance to Fusarium sacchari. Plant Cell Rep. 32: 249-262.

Munsamy, A., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. and Watt, M.P. (2013). 5-Azacytidine as a tool to induce somaclonal variants with useful traits in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Plant Biotech. Rep. 7: 489-502.

Goble, T.A., Costet, L., Robene, I., Nibouche, S., Rutherford, R.S., Conlong, D. and Hill, M. (2012) Beauveria brongniartii epizootics on white grubs attacking sugarcane in South Africa. J. Invert. Pathol. 111: 225-236.

Koch, A.C., Ramgareeb, S., Rutherford, R.S., Snyman, S.J. & Watt, M.P. (2012) An in vitro mutagenesis protocol for the production of sugarcane tolerant to the herbicide imazapyr. In Vitro Cellular Devel.Biol. – Plant 48: 417-427.

Way, M.J., Conlong, D.E. and Rutherford, R.S. (2012) Biosecurity against invasive alien insect pests: A case study of Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the southern African region. Int. Sugar J. 114: 359-363.

Ramgareeb , S., Snyman, S.J., van Antwerpen, T. and Rutherford, R.S. (2010) Elimination of virus and rapid propagation of disease-free sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cultivar NCo376) using apical meristem culture. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult. 100: 175-181.

Conlong, D.E. and Rutherford, R.S. (2009) Conventional and New Biological and Habitat Interventions for Integrated Pest Management Systems: Review and Case Studies using Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In R. Peshin & A.K. Dhawan (Eds.), Integrated Pest Management Vol. 1: Innovation-Development Process, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-8991-6.

McFarlane, S.A., Govender, P. and Rutherford, R.S. (2009) Interactions between Fusarium species from sugarcane and the stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 155: 349-359

Keeping, M.G., Rutherford, R.S. and Conlong, D.E. (2007) Bt maize as a potential trap crop for management of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lep., Pyralidae) in sugarcane. J. Appl. Entomol. 131: 241-250.

Rutherford R.S. (2007) Sugarcane Diseases, ecology, and control. In D. Pimentel (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Pest Management Vol 2.pp 643-646. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 13: 978-1-4200-5361-6

Butterfield, M., Rutherford, R., Carson, D. and Huckett, B. (2004) Application of gene discovery to varietal improvement in sugarcane. SA J. Bot. 70: 167-172.

Heinze, B.S., Thokoane, L.N., Williams, N.J., Barnes, J.M. and Rutherford, R.S. (2001) The smut-sugarcane interaction as a model system for the integration of marker discovery and gene isolation. Proc. S. Afr. Sug. Technol. Ass 75: 88-93.

Thokoane, L.N. and Rutherford, R.S. (2001) cDNA-AFLP differential display of sugarcane (Saccharum spp, hybrids) genes induced by challenge with the fungal pathogen Ustilago scitaminea (sugarcane smut). Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 75: 104-107.

Rutherford, R.S. (1998) Prediction of resistance in sugarcane to the stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker by near infrared spectroscopy on crude bud scale extracts. The involvement of chlorogenates and flavonoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 24: 1447-1463

Rutherford, R.S. and van Staden J. (1996) Towards a rapid near infra-red technique for the prediction of resistance to the sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using stalk surface wax. J. Chem. Ecol. 22: 681-693.

Rutherford, R.S., Smith, G.S. and van Staden, J. (1994) Development of a meridic diet for the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharinaWalker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Principles, problems and possible in vivo plant resistance mechanisms. Afr. Entomol. 2: 163-174.

• Crop physiological basis of stress tolerance in plants
• Remote sensing (UAV pilot)
• Sugarcane model application
• Statistical data analysis

• Understanding the physiological trait mechanisms driving sugarcane stress tolerance and crop performance
• Investigating the potential for using crop physiological knowledge, remote sensing and crop modelling to enhance plant breeding
• High-throughput phenotyping technologies
• Use of remote sensing (UAV) technologies to advance maturity-based cane quality management, and ultimately increase grower profitability and encourage more judicious use of agrochemicals for ripening

Hoffman, N., Singels, A., Patton, A., & Ramburan, S. (2018) Predicting genotypic differences in irrigated sugarcane yield using the Canegro model and independent trait parameter estimates. European Journal of Agronomy, 96, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2018.01.005

Hoffman, N. (2016) Pot trial phenotyping to predict sugarcane genotype field performance with the Canegro model. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Hoffman, N., & and Singels, A. (2019) Evaluating the use of aerially captured spectral data for characterising drought-tolerance traits in sugarcane. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Australia. 30 April – 3 May 2019.

Hoffman, N., Singels, A., & and Joshi, S. (2020) Remote sensing of physiological traits with drones to assist sugarcane breeding: Preliminary results. Combined Congress of the South African Society for Crop Production, Soil Science Society of South Africa, Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences and Southern African Weed Science Society, Bloemfontein. 20-23 January 2020.

• B.Sc. Hons (Chemical, molecular & cellular sciences)- University of Cape Town
• M.Sc. Crop Science- University of KwaZulu-Natal
• Ph.D. Crop Science- University of KwaZulu-Natal (in progress)

Remote sensing, GIS, Statistical data analysis, Supervised learning, Digital image processing.

Precision agriculture; developing models using geospatial data and related technologies for optimising sugarcane farming, and modelling plant stress resulting from climate change and pest & disease.

To implement and support the sugarcane industry’s Agriculture 4.0 initiatives.

Hacking C, Poona N, & Poblete Echeverría C 2020. Vineyard yield estimation using 2-D proximal remote sensing: a multitemporal analysis. Oeno one 54(4), 793-812.

Loggenberg K & Poona N 2020. A feature selection approach for terrestrial hyperspectral image analysis. South African Journal of Geomatics 9(2), 302-320.

Poona NK & Ismail R 2019. Developing optimized spectral indices using machine learning to model Fusarium circinatum stress in Pinus radiata seedlings. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 13(3): 034515. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.13.034515.

Hacking C, Poona N, Manzan N, & Poblete-Echeverría C 2019. Investigating 2-D and 3-D proximal remote sensing techniques for vineyard yield estimation. Sensors 19(3652). doi:10.3390/s19173652.

Loggenberg K, Strever A, Greyling B, & Poona N 2018. Modelling water stress in a shiraz vineyard using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning. Remote Sensing 10(202). doi:10.3390/rs10020202.

Poona N, Van Niekerk A, & Ismail R 2016. Investigating the utility of oblique tree-based ensembles for the classification of hyperspectral data. Sensors, 16(11): 1918.

Poona N, Van Niekerk A, Nadel R, & Ismail R 2016. Random Forest (RF) wrappers for waveband selection and classification of hyperspectral data. Applied Spectroscopy 70(2): 322-333.

Poona N & Ismail R 2014. Using Boruta-selected spectroscopic wavebands for the asymptomatic detection of Fusarium circinatum stress. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7(9): 3764-3772.

Poona N, Ismail R 2013. Discriminating the occurrence of pitch canker fungus in Pinus radiata trees using QuickBird imagery and artificial neural networks. Southern Forests 75(1): 29-40.

Poona N & Ismail R 2013. Reducing hyperspectral data dimensionality using random forest based wrappers. Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS2013), 21-26 July, Melbourne, Australia. IEEE ISBN 978-1-4799-1114-1/13: 1470-1473.

Poona N & Ismail R 2012. Discriminating the early stages of Fusarium circinatum infection in Pinus radiata seedlings using high spectral resolution data. Proceedings of International Conference of the African Association of Remote Sensing and the Environment (AARSE2012), 29 October-2 November, El Jadida, Morocco.

Poona N & Ismail R 2012. Discriminating the occurrence of pitch canker infection in Pinus radiata forests using high spatial resolution QuickBird data and artificial neural networks. In: Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS2012), 22-27 July, Munich, Germany. IEEE ISBN 978-1-4673-1159-5/12: 3371-3374.

• MSc (Environmental Science): University of KwaZulu-Natal
• PhD (Geoinformatics): Stellenbosch University

Biological Control, Entomology, Nematology, Organic Control, Technology Transfer, Project Management.

Eldana F1 Sterile Insect Technique: Assessment of X-ray irradiation as an alternative to gamma irradiation

Sterile Insect Technique F1 Eldana saccharina management: Cage and field release proof-of-concept studies

Comparison of diversity and abundance of non-target organisms on Bt and non-Bt sugarcane

Effect of genetically modified sugarcane in combination with sterile insect releases to control Eldana saccharina: a cage trial

Development of an IRAC laboratory-based Eldana saccharina resistance monitoring protocol

Technology Development for Small-scale Growers: Pest, Disease, Weed and Variety Management

Singh S., Malinga L., Weldon C. W., Conlong D. 2024. Effect of X-ray irradiation on the sterility of Eldana saccharina for the sterile insect technique in sugarcane. XXVII International Congress of Entomology Proceedings, August 2023.

Johnson J., du Toit G., Asia H., Conlong D., Malinga L. 2024. Sterility and flight ability of Ceratitis capitata using X-ray irradiation as an alternative to gamma irradiation for the sterile insect technique. XXVII International Congress of Entomology Proceedings, August 2023.

Beukes P. R., Conlong D., Singh S., Malinga L., Munhenga G., Mulcahy M., Johnson J., Hlatswayo N., Lieberman J. 2024. The importance of dosimetry in optimizing radiation doses received by insects for sterile insect technique. XXVII International Congress of Entomology Proceedings, August 2023.

Malinga L. 2024. Second Research Coordination Meeting of the Food And Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Coordinated Research Project - Vienna, Austria. Rostrum, 2024 (113), 13-15.

Malinga L. 2024. A Novel Approach to the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for Eldana saccharina Management in South Africa. Sugar Tech, 26: 629–634. DOI: 10.1007/s12355-024-01378-0

Malinga L.N. and Laing, M.D. 2024. A Review of Pesticides for the Control of Some Cotton Pests. Annals of Agricultural & Crop Sciences, 9(1): 1148. DOI: 10.26420/annagriccropsci.2024.1148

Malinga L. and Laing, M.D. 2024. Lifecycle, Hosts and Importance of Some of the Major Cotton Insect Pests in South Africa: A Review. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(4): 624-639. DOI: 10.3923/ajbs.2024.624.639

Malinga, L.N. 2023. A novel approach to the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for the management of Eldana saccharina in South Africa. Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, India, 31: 686–691.

Singh S., Malinga L., Weldon C. and Conlong D. 2023. Dose Mapping of an X-Ray Irradiator with Application to Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for the Control of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sugarcane. Proceedings of the 2023 ESSA Congress, July 2023.

Smith, R., Malinga, L. and Bouwer, G. 2023. Abundance and Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods Under Rain-Fed and Irrigated Sugarcane in South Africa. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass (2023) 95: 187 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association, August 2023.

Malinga, L. and Laing, M. 2023. Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticides on the Control of Cotton Pests in South Africa. Proceedings of ICGEB' Trends in Microbial Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture' Workshop in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

Malinga, L. and Laing, M. 2023. Farmers' Production Practices, Incidence and Management of Pests and Diseases, Extension Services, and Factors Limiting Cotton Production and Quality in South Africa. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 51(3): 79–99. DOI: 10.17159/2413-3221/2023/v51n3a14462

Lauchande, V., Malinga, L. and Munyai C. 2023. Effect of Genetically Modified Sugarcane in Combination with Sterile Insect Releases to Control Eldana saccharina: a Cage Trial. UKZN Postgraduate Research & Innovation Symposium Proceedings.

Malinga, L.N. and Laing, M. 2023. Farmers' Production Practices, Incidence and Management of Pests and Diseases, Extension Services, and Factors Limiting Cotton Production and Quality in South Africa. Proceedings of the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Agriculture, 1–15 November 2023, MDPI: Basel, Switzerland.

Malinga L, Laing M. 2023. Cost Analysis of Biopesticides and Chemical Insecticides: Implications for Cotton Farmers in South Africa. Entomology and Applied Science Letters, 10(4): 44-55. DOI: 10.51847/YA2wqC4r3i

Malinga, L.N. and Laing, M. D., 2022. Role of Microbial Biopesticides as an Alternative to Insecticides in Integrated Pest Management of Cotton Pests. In: D. R. Eduardo (ed.), Insecticides - Impact and Benefits of Its Use for Humanity, IntechOpen, London. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100400.

Malinga, L. and Rutherford, S., 2022. F1 – Fast-tracking the Sterile Insect Technique for Eldana control. The Link, 31 (1): 12-13.

Malinga, L.N. and Laing MD. 2022. Efficacy of Biopesticides in the Management of the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae), under Field Conditions. Insects, 13 (8): 673. DOI: 10.3390/insects13080673

Malinga, L.N. and Laing, M.D., 2021. Efficacy of Three Biopesticides Against Cotton Pests under Field Conditions in South Africa. Crop Protection, 145: 105578. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105578

Malinga, L. 2021. The Importance and Economic Status of Cotton Production. Academia Letters, 2317: 1-8. DOI: 10.20935/AL2317

Malinga L. 2019. Southern and Eastern African Cotton Forum: Platform for the Advancement of Cotton Production in Africa. South African Journal of Science, 115 (9/10): 6-8. DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2019/6358

Malinga L. 2019. Overview and Outlook for South Africa's Cotton Sector. Cotton: Review of the World Situation, 73 (2): 5-8.

Singh S, Malinga L, Weldon C W, Conlong D. 2024. Effect of X-ray irradiation on the sterility of Eldana saccharina for the sterile insect technique in sugarcane. XXVII International Congress of Entomology Proceedings

Kranthi, K. R., Malinga, L. and Mubvekeri, W. 2018. Perspectives on cotton research and ideas for Africa- Proceedings & recommendations of the XIV Meeting of the Southern & Eastern Africa Cotton Forum (SEACF). The ICAC Recorder, 36 (3): 4-13.

Malinga, L.N. 2017. Evaluation of Plant Extracts for the Control of Helicoverpa armigera, Diparopsis castanea, and Earias insulana in Cotton for Small-Scale Farmers. Cotton Research Journal, 8 (1): 12-19.

Malinga, L. 2016. Efficacy of Organic Nematicides on Meloidogyne javanica for Small-Scale Cotton Farmers in South Africa. Proceedings: World Cotton Research Conference – 6 and 2016 Biennial Conference of the ICGI, Goiânia, Brazil.

Malinga, L. 2015. Efficacy of Biopesticides for Pest Control in cotton. Proceedings: 19th Congress of the Entomological Society of South Africa, Rhodes University: Grahamstown, South Africa.

Malinga, L. 2014. The Role of Scientific Research in Making Cotton a Sustainable and Profitable Business in Africa. Proceedings: XII Meeting of the Southern and Eastern African Cotton Forum: Maputo, Mozambique

Malinga, L. 2011. Quantitative Assessment of Insect Pests and Predatory Arthropods on Intercropped Organic Cotton in South Africa. Proceedings: 17th Congress of the Entomological Society of South Africa, University of Free State: Bloemfontein, South Africa.

Malinga, L. 2010. South African Cotton Production and Research Report Integrated Pest Management in Cotton. Proceedings: 9th & 10th Meetings of the Southern and Eastern African Cotton Forum and the IPM Workshop, Lusaka, Zambia.

Malinga, L. and E. Eulitz. 2008. Organic Insecticides and Nematicides for Small-Scale Cotton Farmers. 23rd International Congress of Entomology, Durban, South Africa.

Malinga, L. 2007. Efficacy of Natural Substances for Pest Control in Organic Cotton by Small-Scale Farmers. Proceedings: 16th Congress of the Entomological Society of South Africa, Stellenbosch University: Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Malinga, L. 2005. Constraints of Cotton Pest Control in Small-Scale Farming Systems. Cotton Workshop, ARC-IIC: Rustenburg, South Africa.

Malinga, L. 2005. Cotton Pests and their Lifecycle. Cotton Extension Workshop, ARC-IIC: Rustenburg, South Africa.

• BSc in Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare
• BSc (Hons) in Entomology, University of Fort Hare
• MSc in Entomology, University of Fort Hare
• PhD in Entomology, University of KwaZulu-Natal

• Quantitative study of insect behaviour and communication.
• Integrated pest management of sugarcane pests.
• Mechanisms of host plant resistance and methodology of assessing plant resistance to insects.
• The role of silicon in plant defence against insects.
• Insect chemical ecology.
• Behavioural ecology of social insects.

• Identification, via sugarcane screening programme, of six sugarcane genotypes resistant to Eldana saccharina borer that have subsequently been released to the South African sugar industry.
• Numerous enhancements introduced to the germplasm screening methodology for borer resistance (technical and statistical).
• Demonstrated importance of silicon as a plant nutrient that enhances resistance of sugarcane to stalk borer in silicon-deficient soils, especially under conditions of water stress and in cultivars that are susceptible to the borer.
• Elucidated mechanisms of silicon-mediated resistance to stalk borer and their likely positive interaction with other IPM tactics.
• Demonstrated that silicon can reduce impact of higher nitrogen applications in promoting borer infestations.
• Demonstration of potential of ammoniacal fertilizers to improve silicon uptake of sugarcane from applied calcium silicate.
• Identification of most effective sources of silicon for use in sugarcane grown in acid soils out of a total of 17 sources tested.
• Identification of Bt-maize as a potential dead-end trap crop (pull plant) for Eldana saccharina in sugarcane.
• Demonstrated that young cane is especially susceptible to sugarcane thrips Fulmekiola serrata and that adjustments to planting and/or ratooning dates (temporal resistance) can assist in avoiding damaging infestations in young cane.
• Demonstration that increased plant nitrogen levels can increase sugarcane thrips infestations.
• Identification of commercial cultivars that are susceptible and relatively resistant to sugarcane thrips and to yellow sugarcane aphid (Sipha flava).

van Antwerpen, R, van Heerden, P.D.R, Keeping, M.G., Titshall, L.W., Jumman, A., Tweddle, P.B., van Antwerpen, T., Ramouthar, P.V. & Campbell, P.L. 2022. A review of field management practices impacting root health in sugarcane. Advances in Agronomy 173: 79-162.

Camargo, M.S. & Keeping, M.G. 2021. Silicon in sugarcane: availability in soil, fertilization, and uptake. Silicon doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00935-y

Keeping, M.G., Miles, N. & Rutherford, R.S. (2017). Liming an acid soil treated with diverse silicon sources: effects on silicon uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Journal of Plant Nutrition doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1267751

Keeping, M.G. (2017). Uptake of silicon by sugarcane from applied sources may not deflect plant-available soil silicon and total silicon content of sources. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 760, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00760

Keeping M.G., Miles, N. & Sewpersad, C. 2014. Silicon reduces impact of plant nitrogen in promoting stalk borer (Eldana saccharina) but not sugarcane thrips (Fulmekiola serrata) infestations in sugarcane. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 289, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00289.

Keeping, M.G., Rutherford, R.S., Sewpersad, C. & Miles, N. 2014. Provision of nitrogen as ammonium rather than nitrate increases silicon uptake in sugarcane. AoB PLANTS 6, DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu080.

Keeping, M.G., Meyer, J.H. & Sewpersad, C. 2013. Soil silicon amendments increase resistance of sugarcane to stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under field conditions. Plant and Soil 363:297–318.

Rhodes, R., Miles, N. & Keeping, M.G. 2013. Crop nutrition and soil textural effects on eldana damage in sugarcane. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists’ Association 86: 121-136.

Joshi, S.V., Zhou, M. & Keeping, M.G. 2012. Comparison of natural versus artificial inoculation methods for Eldana resistance screening in sugarcane. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists’ Association 85: 246-255.

Keeping, M.G., Kvedaras, O.L. & Bruton, A.G. 2009. Epidermal silicon in sugarcane: cultivar differences and role in resistance to sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina. Environmental and Experimental Botany 66: 54-60.

Kvedaras, O.L., Byrne, M.J., Coombes N.E. & Keeping, M.G. 2009. Influence of plant silicon and sugarcane cultivar on mandibular wear in the stalk borer Eldana saccharina. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 11: 301-306.

Reynolds, O.L., Keeping, M.G. & Meyer, J.H. 2009. Silicon-augmented resistance of plants to insect herbivores: a review. Annals of Applied Biology 155: 171-186.

Keeping, M.G. & Reynolds, O.L. 2009. Silicon in agriculture: new insights, new significance and growing application. Annals of Applied Biology 155: 153-154.

Keeping, M.G. & Kvedaras, O.L. 2008. Silicon as a plant defence against insect herbivory: response to Massey, Ennos and Hartley. Journal of Animal Ecology 77: 631-633.

Keeping, M.G., Rutherford, R.S. & Conlong, D.E. 2007. Bt-maize as a potential trap crop for management of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane. Journal of Applied Entomology 131: 241-250.

Kvedaras, O.L., Keeping, M.G., Goebel, F-R. & Byrne, M.J. 2007. Water stress augments silicon-mediated resistance of susceptible sugarcane cultivars to the stalk borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 97: 175-183.

Kvedaras, O.L., Keeping, M.G., Goebel, F-R. & Byrne, M.J. 2007. Larval performance of the pyralid borer Eldana saccharina Walker and stalk damage in sugarcane: influence of plant silicon, cultivar and feeding site. International Journal of Pest Management 53: 183-194.

Kvedaras, O.L. & Keeping, M.G. 2007. Silicon impedes stalk penetration by the borer Eldana saccharina in sugarcane. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 125: 103-110.

Butterfield, M.K., Keeping, M.G. & Sewpersad, C. 2007. Estimating genetic parameters and the efficacy of molecular breeding for resistance to the stalk borer Eldana saccharina. Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists 26: 691-696.

Keeping, M.G. 2006. Screening of South African sugarcane cultivars for resistance to the stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). African Entomology 14: 277-288.

Keeping, M.G. & Meyer, J.H. 2006. Silicon-mediated resistance of sugarcane to Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): effects of silicon source and cultivar. Journal of Applied Entomology 130: 410-420.

Keeping, M.G. & Meyer, J.H. 2002. Calcium silicate enhances resistance of sugarcane to the African stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 4: 265-274.

• Honorary Researcher (University of the Witwatersrand).
• BSc Hons, PhD (Witwatersrand).

Data analysis, agronomy, crop physiology.

• Varietal responses to different agronomic practices.
• Integrating plant breeding procedures and crop growth models to improve crop performance.
• Developing decision support tools for extension specialist and growers.

Mbatha TP & Modi AT (2010). Response of local mustard germplasm to water stress. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 27:4, 328-330.

Mbatha TP, Ramburan S & Smit MA (2011). Evaluating sugarcane cultivar responses to trashing: preliminary observations. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 84: 164 – 168

Mbatha TP & van Heerden PDR (2013). Chemical ripener responses in irrigated sugarcane varieties at Pongola (SOUTH AFRICA). Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 86: 156 – 159

van Heerden PDR, Mbatha TP & Ngxaliwe S (2015). Chemical ripening of sugarcane with trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) – Mode of action and comparative efficacy. Field Crops Research 181: 69-75.

Nxumalo T, Morris A & Germishuizen I (2017) Quantifying the impact of Uromycladium acaciae (wattle rust) on black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) growth and productivity. Technical Note 14/2017

Fraser S, McTaggart AR, Moreno Chan J, Nxumalo T, Shuey LS, Wingfield M & Roux J (2018). An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae, cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsiiin southern Africa. Southern Forests: A Journal of Forests Science.  DOI: 10.2989/20702620.2018.1468985

• BSc (Biochemistry and Chemistry) – University of KwaZulu Natal
• MSc Agric (Crop Science) – University of KwaZulu-Natal

• Plant breeding
• Experimental trial design
• Applied statistical data analysis
• Family selection of sugarcane

• Optimising sugarcane breeding and selection for sugarcane quality traits
• Family evaluation
• Family by environment interaction
• Genetic and phenotypic interrelationships among sugarcane traits
• Genetic effects for sugarcane traits

• BSc Botany and Plant breeding, University of the Free State, South Africa
• BSc Agriculture (Honours), University of the Free State, South Africa
• MSc Agriculture, Plant breeding, University of the Free State, South Africa

Mishasha T, Zhou M and Van Der Merwe R (2018). Phenotypic correlations among cane quality traits measured from unselected sugarcane breeding family plots. Proceedings of South African Sugarcane Technologists Association 91: 173-176.

Mishasha T, Zhou M and Van Der Merwe R (2019). Using quantitative genetic parameters to determine sample size for sucrose content in sugarcane breeding. Proceedings of South African Sugarcane Technologists Association 92: 43-46.

Mishasha T, Zhou M and Van Der Merwe R (2022). Evaluating additive and non-additive genetic effects for sugarcane Brix. Proceedings of South African Sugarcane Technologists Association 94: 56-60.

Data analysis, agronomy, plant breeding

• Varietal responses to different agronomic practices
• Developing decision support tools for extension specialists and sugarcane grower.
• Communicating new technology through research for small-scale sugarcane growers

• BSc Agriculture (Plant Science) – University of KwaZulu-Natal
• MSc Agriculture (Crop Science) – University of KwaZulu-Natal

Weed research and management, crop protection, plant biotechnology (tissue culture), and agrochemical research

• My research focuses on the safe, efficient, and sustainable application of agrochemical and biological solutions to mitigate yield losses in sugarcane caused by pests, diseases, nematodes, and weeds.
• I am particularly interested in the development and registration of innovative agrochemical and biological agents tailored for use in sugarcane agriculture, with the goal of enhancing crop productivity while minimising environmental impact. Through my work, I aim to promote sustainable crop protection strategies that balance agricultural productivity, with long-term ecological health.

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• Contribute to the development of integrated agrochemical management strategies aimed at minimising yield losses in sugarcane due to pests, diseases, nematodes, and weeds.
• Evaluate the efficacy of novel agrochemical compounds, including nematicides, herbicides, and insecticides, in controlling key sugarcane pests.
• Conduct field and glasshouse trials to support the registration and approval of new agrochemical products for use in sugarcane agriculture.
• Analyse and synthesise research data to generate actionable insights, reports, and recommendations for effective agrochemical application and management.

• MSc. Botany (University of KwaZulu Natal).
• BSc. (Hons) Biological Sciences (University of KwaZulu Natal).
• BSc. Biological Sciences (University of KwaZulu Natal).

• Mofurutsi T, Mchunu L, Buthelezi K, Jithoo S, and Malinga L (2024). Sustainable sugarcane farming: empowering small-scale growers. The Link, 33 (5).
• Huripurshad, S., Beckett, R.P., Campbell, P.L., (2018). Seasonal translocation of imazapyr, a potential herbicide for the control of Cynodon (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). South African Journal of Botany 116, 82–85.
• Campbell, P.L., Paraskevopoulos, A.L., Huripurshad, S., (2016). Practical measurement of granular Servian® for knapsack application to control Cyperus rotundus. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists’ Association 89: 160. (Poster).

Biological Control, Plant Pathology, Microbiology, Entomology, Virology, Animal Health.

• Investigate and devise incursion and containment strategies for existing and potential new biosecurity threats facing the industry.
• Analysis and modelling of industry pest and disease prevalence data to understand population dynamics of the pests and factors that influence distribution and abundance within the industry.
• Maintain the Chilo sacchariphagus incursion prevention plan.
• Maintain the SASRI insect collection, adding new specimens of potential significance to the industry.

Kassim, A., Workneh, T.S., Laing, M.D., Basdew, I.H. (2016). The effects of different pre-packaging treatments on the quality of kumquat fruit. CTYA Journal of Food 14 (4): 639-648. DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1190407.

Kassim, A., Workneh, T.S., Laing, M.D., Basdew, I.H. (2016). Development and evaluation of a small-scale in-field integrated postharvest citrus treatment unit – Part 1. International Journal of Food Engineering.

Basdew, I.H. and Laing, M.D. (2015). Biological and pathogenicity assays of South African bacteriophages specific for Staphylococcus aureus, associated with bovine mastitis. Biocontrol Science and Technology 25 (4), 429-443.

Basdew, I.H., Laing, M.D. (2014). Sensitivity assays of bacteriophages associated with Staphylococcus aureus, causal organism of bovine mastitis.  African Journal of Microbiology Research 8 (2), 200-210.

Basdew, I.H., Laing, M.D. (2011). Biological control of bovine mastitis using bacteriophage therapy. In Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances, Méndez-Vilas, A. (ed.). Formatex: Spain, pp 386-393.

Basdew, I.H., Gubba, A., Laing M.D.  (2002). Abstract “The application of baculoviruses as biological control agents against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon”.  15th Annual Symposium of the South African Society for Microbiology (KZN Branch).

Basdew, I.H., Laing, M.D., Gubba, A. (2003). The application of baculoviruses as biological control agents against insect pests.  Proceedings of Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Volume 33, pp 50.

Popular article: I.H. Basdew, M.D. Laing, P.H. Mapham, J.H. Vorster. 2013. The biological control of bovine mastitis using bacteriophage therapy. Oorsig Review, Livestock Health and Production Review 17 (2), 6-11.

Academic Texts: Basdew, I.H., M.D. Laing (ed.) 2010. African Centre for Crop Improvement: Literature reviews and PRA’s, 2006 yearbook. African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal. ISBN 978-0-620-46808-4.

Academic Texts: Basdew, I.H., M.D. Laing (ed.) 2010. African Centre for Crop Improvement: Literature Reviews and PRA’s, 2007 Yearbook. African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal. ISBN 978-0-9869811-0-4.

Academic Texts: Basdew, I.H., M.D. Laing (ed.) 2010. African Centre for Crop Improvement: Literature Reviews and PRA’s, 2008 Yearbook. African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal. ISBN 978-0-98698811-1-1.

Academic Texts: Basdew, I.H., M.D. Laing (ed.) 2010. African Centre for Crop Improvement: Literature Reviews and PRA’s, 2009 Yearbook. African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal. ISBN 978-0-9869811-2-83.

• BSc (Hons), University of KwaZulu-Natal
• MSc (Plant Pathology and Microbiology), University of KwaZulu-Natal
• PhD (Plant Pathology), University of KwaZulu-Natal

Entomology.

Testing efficacy of new bio insecticides on Eldana saccharina Walker.

Understanding the effect that bio insecticides have on all different life stages of Eldana saccharina Walker.

• BSc. Entomology and Zoology UKZN (PMB)
• Environmemtal Management  (Hons) UNISA

• Laboratory research
• Field-related work
• Basic Nematology
• Biocontrol

• Practical, effective and safe methods of nematode control.
• Development of a wide variety of nematode control methods.
• Collaborative research across disciplines.

• Practical control methods for nematodes.
• Novel methods for control of nematodes.
• Assessing new chemicals for nematicidal efficacy.

Sithole, S. B., Keeping, M. G., Smit, M. A., Mkhize, N. D. and Sewpersad, C. 2011. Effect of water availability on silicon uptake by sugarcane and silicon- mediated resistance to Eldana saccharina. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass. 84:193-197.

Keeping, M. G., Miles, N., Sewpersad, C. and Sithole S. 2011. The silicon: nitrogen interaction in relation to infestations of the stalk borer, Eldana saccharina, in sugarcane. Proceedings of: The 5^th International Conference on Silicon in Agriculture, Beijing, China.

• Early generation and family selection of sugarcane.
• Genotype by environment interaction.
• Applied Quantitative Genetics.
• Experimental design.
• Applied Statistical analysis.

Optimising sugarcane breeding and selection process, quantifying optimum selection rates to maximise genetic gains, GxE interaction, trait interrelationships and their influence on breeding and selection, parent evaluation using breeding values, family selection, recurrent selection to improve commercial traits in gene pool.

• Optimised breeding and selection process.
• Quantified selection rates for important traits.
• Increased genetic gains across stages and over time.

Zhou, M.M. and Gwata E.C.T. (2016). Quantifying Sugarcane Cultivar Genetic Gains in the Midlands region of South Africa. Agronomy Journal 108: 1-7.

Zhou, M.M. and Gwata, E.C.T. (2015). Location effects and their implications on breeding for sugarcane yield and quality in the Midlands region of South Africa. Crop Science 55: 2628-2638.

Zhou, M.M. (2015). Selection for eldana borer resistance in early stages of sugarcane breeding in South Africa. American Journal of Plant Sciences 6: 2168 – 2176.

Zhou, M.M. and Mokwele, A. (2015). Family versus individual genotype selection for Eldana saccharina resistance in early stages of sugarcane breeding. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 2015: 1-8.

Zhou, M.M. (2015). Minimum detectable differences for cane yield, sucrose content and sugar yield among the Midlands and coastal short cycle breeding programmes in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 32: 175-182.

Mendes de Paula, T.O., Marinho, C.D., Souza, V., Barbosa, M.H.P., Peternelli, L.A., Kimbeng, C.A. and Zhou, M.M. (2014). Relationships between methods of variety adaptability and stability in sugarcane. Genetics and Molecular Research 13(2): 4216–4225.

Zhou, M.M. (2014). Family evaluation for sugarcane yield using data estimated from stalk number, stalk height and stalk diameter. Journal of Crop Improvement 28(3): 406-417.

Joshi, S.V., Zhou, M.M., Leslie, G.W., Way, M.J. and Keeping, M.G. (2014). Comparison of methods for determining thrips (Fulmekiola serrata) damage and implications for resistance screening. International Sugar Journal. 116: 197-199.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Tew, T.L., Gravois, K.A., Pontif, M. and Bischoff, K.P. (2014). Logistic regression models to aid selection in early stages of sugarcane breeding. Sugar Tech: 16: 150-156.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Andru, S., Tew, T.L. and Gravois, K.A. (2013). Evaluating sugarcane families for yield potential and repeatability using random coefficient models. Crop Science 53: 2352-2362.

Zhang, J., Zhou, M.M., Walsh, J. Chen, Y. and Ming, R. (2013). Sugarcane Genetics and Genomics. Pp 623-643. In: Moore, PH and Botha, FC, eds. Sugarcane: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Functional Biology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2121-4\2014.

Zhou, M.M. (2013). Conventional sugarcane breeding in South Africa: Progress and future prospects. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4: 189-197.

Zhou, M.M. (2013). Using Logistic regression model for selection in non-replicated sugarcane breeding populations. Euphytica 191: 415-428.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Edme, S. and Hale, A.L. (2013). Characterization of Saccharum species germplasm for starch content. Canadian Journal of Plant Studies Vol 2(1) 54-71.

Zhou, M.M., Lichakane, M.L. and Joshi, S.V. (2013). Family evaluation for quality traits in South African Sugarcane breeding programmes. International Sugar Journal 115: 418-430.

Ramburan, S., Zhou, M.M., and Labuschagne, M. (2012). Integrating empirical and analytical approaches to investigate genotype x environment interactions in sugarcane. Crop Science 52(5): 2153–2165.

Zhou, M.M. and Lichakane, M.L. (2012). Family selection gains for quality among South African breeding populations. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29: 143-149.

Zhou, M.M., Suman, A. and Kimbeng, C.A. (2012). Molecular markers associated with starch content and implications for sugarcane introgression breeding using Saccharum spontaneum. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology Vol 2(11): 1127-1137.

Zhou, M.M. and Shoko, M.D. (2012). Simultaneous selection for yield and ratooning ability in sugarcane genotypes using analysis of covariance. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29(2): 93-100.

Zhou, M.M., Chihana, A. and Parfitt, R.C. (2012). Optimum replications and crop-years for sugarcane variety trials at Dwangwa sugar estate in Malawi. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29(1): 31–38.

Zhou, M.M. and Joshi, S.V. (2012). Trends in broad sense heritability and implications for sugarcane breeding in South Africa. Sugar Tech 14(1): 40–46.

Ramburan, S., Zhou, M.M. and Labuschagne, M. (2012). Investigating test site similarity, trait relations and causes of genotype by environment interactions in the Midlands region of South Africa. Field Crops Research 129: 71–80.

Zhou, M.M. and Shoko, M.D. (2012). Simultaneous selection for yield and stability in sugarcane using parametric statistics. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology Volume 2 Number 4: 400-410.

Zhou, M.M., Joshi, S.V. and Maritz, T. (2012). Trends and implications of genotype by environment interaction in South African sugarcane breeding. Journal of Crop Improvement 26: 1–14.

Ramburan, S., Zhou, M.M. and Labuschagne, M. (2011). Interpretation of genotype x environment interactions of sugarcane: Identifying significant environmental factors. Field Crops Research 124: 392–399.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Tew, T.L., Gravois, K.A. and Pontiff, P. (2011). Artificial Neural Network Models as a Decision Support Tool for Selection in Sugarcane: A Case Study Using Two Seedling Populations. Crop Science 51: 1–11.

Zhou, M.M. and Shoko, M.D. (2011). Seasonal and Varietal Influence on Tiller Population Development of Sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrids). South African Journal of Plant and Soil 28(1): 11–16.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Tew, T.L. and Shoko, M.D. (2011). Trends in Starch and Sucrose Content among Sweet Sorghum Genotypes and Implications for Sucrose and Ethanol Production. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 5: 160–166.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Edme, S., Hale, A. and Eggleston, G. (2011). Sustainability of Low Starch Concentrations in Sugarcane Through Short Term Optimized Amylase and Long Term Breeding Strategies. In G Eggleston (editor). Sustainability of the Sugar and Sugar Ethanol Industries. American Chemical Society: 229-250.

Zhou, M.M., da Silva, J.A., Kimbeng, C.A. and White, W.H. (2010). Cross Resistance between the Mexican Rice Borer and the Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): A Case Study Using Sugarcane Breeding Populations. Crop Science 50: 1–9.

Zhou, M.M. and Kimbeng, C.A. (2010). Multivariate Repeated Measures: A Multivariate Statistical Approach for Analyzing Sugarcane Breeding Trials Data. Proceedings of SASTA 83: 92–105.

White, W.H., Kimbeng, C.A., Gravois, K.A. and Zhou, M.M. (2009). Breeding Resistant Sugarcane for Managing Stem borers: Progress and Prospects for Louisiana. Proceeding of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 27: 1–10.

Zhou, M.M. and Shoko, M.D. (2009). Modelling Leaf Area of Sugarcane Varieties Using Non-Destructive Leaf Measurements. Sugar Cane International: Volume 27(4): 158–165.

Kimbeng, C.A., Zhou, M.M. and da Silva, J.A. (2009). Genotype by environment interactions and resource allocation in sugarcane yield trials in the Rio Grande valley region of Texas. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 29: 11–24.

Zhou, M.M., Kimbeng, C.A., Eggleston, G., Viator, R.P., Hale, A.L. and Gravois, K.A. (2008). Issues of Starch in sugarcane processing and prospects of breeding for low starch content in sugarcane. Sugarcane International 26: 3–17.

• Associate Professor of Plant Breeding: University of the Free State.
• PhD (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Louisiana State University, USA.
• Masters of Applied Statistics, Louisiana State University, USA.
• MSc Agriculture, University of Natal, South Africa.
• BSc Agriculture (Honours), University of Zimbabwe.

• Introgression breeding of yield improving traits and for disease resistance from wild relatives of crop plants.
• Marker Assisted Selection, experience in working with molecular markers.
• Designing and execution of crossing and selection programmes.

• Marker Assisted selection in sugarcane.
• Gene identification and discovery in sugarcane through functional and comparative genomics.

Planned crosses for resistance breeding based on parents molecular marker types. Molecular breeding for resistance to pest and diseases.

Joshi SV, Lloyd Evans D, Maima N and Ghai M (2023). Gene flow from commercial sugarcane hybrids to compatible wild relatives. Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, volume 31, 1305–1312, 2023

Joshi, S.V., Makome L and Ghai M., Evaluation of genetic diversity within South African sugarcane breeding populations and its implication on breeding. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association 94.

Evans, D.L., Hughes, B. and Joshi, S.V., 2022. Comparative whole plastome and low copy number phylogenetics of the core Saccharinae and Sorghinae. bioRxiv.

Hoffman N, Singels A and Joshi S.V., 2021. Can drone phenotyping aid plant breeding? Preliminary results. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association 93: 153-157.

Joshi, S.V. and Lloyd Evans D., Unexpected revelation of narrow genetic diversity in Saccharum spontaneum: impact on future sugarcane breeding. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association 93: 162-166.

Evans, D.L. and Joshi, S.V., (2020). 7 Bioinformatics Approaches for Pathway Reconstruction in Orphan Crops - A New Paradigm. Quantitative Genetics, Genomics and Plant Breeding, p.86. CABI Publications. Editor Dr M S Kang

Evans, D.L. and Joshi, S.V., 2020. Origins, History and Molecular Characterization of Creole Cane. BioRxiv.

Evans, D.L. and Joshi, S.V., 2020. On the Validity of the Saccharum Complex and the Saccharinae Subtribe: A Re-assesment. BioRxiv.

Evans, D.L., Hlongwane, T.T., Joshi, S.V. and Pachón, D.M.R., 2019. The sugarcane mitochondrial genome: assembly, phylogenetics and transcriptomics. PeerJ,7, p.e7558.

Evans, D.L., Joshi, S.V. and Wang, J., 2019. Whole chloroplast genome and gene locus phylogenies reveal the taxonomic placement and relationship of Tripidium (Panicoideae: Andropogoneae) to sugarcane. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), p.33.

Ghai, M., Evans, D.L. and Joshi, S., (2019). Traces of Life’s Experiences: Epigenetics (DNA methylation) in Forensics. Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, pp.529-547.

Bhatia, D., Joshi, A. Das, Y. Vikal, G. K. Sahi, K. Neelam, K. Kaur, and K. Singh. (2017). Introgression of Yield Component Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) through Interspecific Hybridization. Crop Sci. 57:1557-1573.

Lloyd Evans, D. and Joshi, S.V., (2017). Herbicide targets and detoxification proteins in sugarcane: from gene assembly to structure modelling. Genome, 60(7): 601-617.

Lloyd Evans D and Joshi SV (2016). Elucidating modes of activation and herbicide resistance by sequence assembly and molecular modelling of the Acetolactate Synthase complex in sugarcane. Journal of Theoretical Biology 407: 184-197.

Lloyd DE and Joshi SV (2016). Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Saccharum spontaneum, Saccharum officinarum and Miscanthus floridulus (Panicoideae: Andropogoneae) reveal the Plastid view on Sugarcane origins. Systematics and Biodiversity 14 (6): 548-571.

Joshi SV, Zhou MM, Leslie GW, Way MJ and Keeping MG (2014) Comparision of methods for determining thrips (Fulmekiola serrate) damage and implications for resistance screening. Int Sugar J 214-216.

Benjamin Y, Gorgens JF and Joshi SV (2014) Comparision of chemical composition and calculated ethanol yields of sugarcane varieties harvested for two growing seasons. Industrial Crops and Products. 58: 133-141.

van Antwerpen, R., Berry, S.D., van Antwerpen, T., Smithers, J., Joshi, S. and van der Laan, M. (2013) Sugarcane as an Energy Crop: Its Role in Biomass Economy, in Biofuel Crop Sustainability (ed B. P. Singh), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Oxford, UK. Chapter 3, pp 53-107. ISBN: 978-0-470-96304-3. doi: 10.1002/9781118635797.

Joshi SV, Zhou MM, Leslie GW, Way MJ and Keeping MG (2013) Comparison of methods for determining thrips (Fulmekiola serrate) damage and implications for resistance screening. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 86: 291-294

Joshi SV and Albertse EH (2013) Development of DNA fingerprinting database and cultivar identification in sugarcane using a genetic analyser. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 86: 200-212

Zhou M, Lichakane M and Joshi SV (2013) Family Evaluation for quality traits in South African sugarcane breeding programmes. Int Sugar J 115: 418-430

• PhD (Genetics), Punjab Agricultural University, India.
• MSc (Genetics & Plant Breeding), P.D.K.V, India.
• BSc (Agriculture), P.D.K.V, India.

• Extension pathology.
• Communicating research findings and observations to growers, LPD&VCC’s and other interested parties.
• Molecular identification of Fusarium species in sugarcane.

• Diagnosis, epidemiology and management of diseases.
• Effect of Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane on the development and fecundity of the borer Eldana Saccharina.

• The development of mosaic and smut management strategies for the Mpumalanga region, Identification of fungicides for smut and brown rust management.
• Certain Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane are attractive, promote the development and improve the fecundity of Eldana saccharina while other species are avoided by larvae and have a detrimental effect on larval development in vitro.

McFarlane, SA, Meyer, JH, Cadet, P and Rutherford, RS (2008). Investigation into the effect of nutrition on brown rust development in sugarcane. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass (in press).

van Antwerpen, T, McFarlane, SA, Buchanan, GF, Shepherd, DN, Martin, DP, Rybicki, ER and Varsani, A (2007). First report of maize streak virus infection of sugarcane in South Africa. Plant Disease (in press).

McFarlane, SA and Rutherford, RS (2005). Fusarium species isolated from sugarcane in KwaZulu-Natal and their effect on Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) development in vitro. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 79: 120-124.

• BSc Honours (Natal).
• MSc (Natal).

Molecular detection and characterisation of sugarcane pathogens by PCR, RT-PCR, RT-qPCR & sequencing. Management of the quarantine glasshouse, imports & exports, fungicide screenings and field trials, NIR, tissue culture, mutagenesis & AFLP analysis.

Molecular disease diagnostics; sugarcane viral diseases; detection and control of sugarcane rusts; NIR data collection and building of disease models; conducting field trials and observation plots; using AFLP techniques to detect polymorphisms linked to disease tolerance; meristem culture and in vitro methods for virus elimination.

Conducting research on improving diagnostic methods and introducing new diagnostic techniques and control methods for existing and new pathogens.

Snyman SJ, Meyer GM, Koch AC, Banasiak M and Watt MP (2011) Applications of in vitro culture systems for commercial sugarcane production and improvement. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 47:234-249

Koch AC, Ramgareeb S, Rutherford RS, Snyman SJ, Watt MP (2012). An in vitro mutagenesis protocol for the production of sugarcane tolerant to the herbicide imazapyr. In vitro cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant 48: 417-427.

Rutherford RS, Maphalala KZ, Koch AC, Snyman SJ and Watt MP (2017). Field and laboratory assessments of sugarcane mutants selected in vitro for resistance to the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 17: 107-114.

McFarlane SA, Ismael Ameer RB, Kistan CJ and Koch AC (2021). Efficacy of mechanical harvester decontamination procedures to reduce the risk of ratoon stunt (RSD) spread. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association (2021) 93: 129 - 139

Koch, AC, Ramgareeb, S, Rutherford, RS, Snyman, SJ, Watt, MP (2012) An in vitro mutagenesis protocol for the production of sugarcane tolerant to the herbicide imazapyr. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 48: 417-427.

Rutherford, RS, Maphalala, KZ, Koch, AC, Snyman, SJ, Watt, MP (2017) Field and laboratory assessments of sugarcane mutants selected in vitro for resistance to imazapyr herbicide. Crop Breeding & Applied Biotechnology 17: 107-114.

Snyman, SJ, Meyer, GM, Koch, AC, Banasiak, M, Watt, MP (2011) Applications of in vitro culture systems for commercial sugarcane production and improvement. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 47: 234-249.

BSc Biological Sciences (UKZN); BSc Hons Biological Sciences (UKZN); MSc Biological Sciences (UKZN).

• Microbiology
• Molecular biology
• In vitro plant propagation

Integrated plant resistance, chemical and microbial alleviation of abiotic and biotic plant stress.

• BSc Microbiology and Genetics (UFS)
• BSc Hons in Microbiology (UNISA)

• Leading and coordinating field and glasshouse trials.
• Maintaining the SASRI fungal and bacterial culture collection.
• Identification of diseases through molecular and microbiological procedures.

Koch, AC, Ramgareeb, S, Rutherford, RS, Snyman, SJ, Watt, MP (2012) An in vitro mutagenesis protocol for the production of sugarcane tolerant to the herbicide imazapyr. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 48: 417-427.

Rutherford, RS, Maphalala, KZ, Koch, AC, Snyman, SJ, Watt, MP (2017) Field and laboratory assessments of sugarcane mutants selected in vitro for resistance to imazapyr herbicide. Crop Breeding & Applied Biotechnology 17: 107-114.

Snyman, SJ, Meyer, GM, Koch, AC, Banasiak, M, Watt, MP (2011) Applications of in vitro culture systems for commercial sugarcane production and improvement. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 47: 234-249.

BSc Microbiology, Biochemistry (UKZN), Btech Biotechnology (DUT)

• Agricultural Engineering
• Simulation model development
• Simulation model application
• Data analytics and visualisation
• Natural capital accounting

• Understanding the interface between natural and engineered systems for optimised and sustainable production.
• Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of biophysical systems.
• The application of remotely sensed datasets and learning from big data.

Peerbhai, T., Chetty, K.T., Clark, D.J. and Gokool, S. (2022). Estimating evapotranspiration using earth observation data: A comparison between hydrological and energy balance modelling approaches. Journal of Hydrology, 613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128347.

Suleman, S., Chetty, K.T., Clark, D.J. and Kapangagaziwiri, E. (2020). Assessment of satellite-derived rainfall and its use in the ACRU agro-hydrological model. Water SA, 46:4, DOI: 10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i4.9068.

Clark, D.J. (2019).  Object-Orientation and Integration for Modelling Water Resource Systems Using the ACRU Model.  Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Clark, D.J. (Editor) (2019).  Development and Assessment of an Integrated Water Resources Accounting Methodology for South Africa: Phase 2.  Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.  WRC Report No. 2512/1/19

• PhD (Agricultural Engineering), University of KwaZulu-Natal.
• MSc Eng (Agricultural Engineering), University of Natal.
• BSc Eng (Agricultural Engineering), University of Natal.

Soil chemistry and fertility, plant nutrition, soil and foliar diagnostics and analytics, soil organic matter, soil health, site sustainability monitoring, and soil amendments

• Soil fertility and plant nutrition.
• Soil health and quality.
• Rapid screening and diagnostic tools for soil and plant nutrition, and health monitoring.
• Site sustainability monitoring.
• Understanding the impacts of management practices on soil quality and function.
• Use of various soil amendments to improve nutrient availability, soil health and to enhance sustainable farming.
• Conversion of science outcomes to practical best practice and operational guidelines.
• Value-chain integration of research outcomes and operational practices.

PhD Soil Science (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
MSc Soil Science (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
BSc Hons Soil Science (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
BSc Chemistry (University of KwaZulu-Natal)

1. Lusizi Z, Motsi H, Nyambo P and Elephant DE. 2024. Black (Acacia mearnsii) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) invasive tree species impact on soil physicochemical properties in South Africa: A systematic literature review. Heliyon 10, (2), e24102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24102.

2. Elephant DE, Miles N, and Muchaonyerwa P. 2023. Effect of Potassium Application Rates on Sugarcane Yield in Soils with Different Non-Exchangeable Potassium Reserves and Fixation Capacity. Agronomy 13, (8), 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081969

3. Mthimkhulu SS, Elephant DE, Miles N, and Titshall LW. 2022. The short-term effects of surface-applied dolomitic lime and gypsum on soil chemical properties and yields of sugarcane ratoon crops in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 39, 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2022.2038711

4. Elephant DE, Miles N and Muchaonyerwa P. 2019. Accounting for potassium reserves and fixation in developing sugarcane fertiliser requirements. Soil Research 57, 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17300

5. Elephant DE, Titshall LW and Mthimkhulu S. 2019. Sulphur status of soils from southern African sugarcane-producing regions. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association 92, 69-72.

6. Mthimkhulu S, Miles N, van Antwerpen R, and Elephant D. 2018. Effect of residue and fertiliser management on soil fertility in a long-term sugarcane trial in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35, 307-315.

7. Elephant D, Miles N and Dlungele P. 2016. Evaluation of the impact of a range of soil ameliorants on soil chemical and biological properties. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association 89, 170-180

8. Miles N, Elephant D and Mathadeen P. 2013. Prediction of phosphorus availability and fixation in soils of the Southern African sugar industry. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association 86: 145-148.

Soil fertility, Soil chemistry, Soil moisture, Greenhouse gas emissions, Soil physics, Soil health.

• Soil fertility
• Soil moisture
• Soil health
• Plant nutrition
• Irrigation

Mdlambuzi T. and Muchaonyerwa P. 2014. Heavy metal concentrations in indigenous vegetables grown on sewage sludge disposal land. South African Combined Congress, Rhodes University, RSA.

Mphethe Tongwane, Thandile Mdlambuzi, Mokhele Moeletsi, Mitsuru Tsubo, Vuyo Mliswa, Lunga Grootboom. 2016. Greenhouse gas emissions from different crop production and management practices in South Africa. Environmental development.

Mdlambuzi T. and Grootboom L. 2017. Utilizing organic waste to improve soil nutrient content and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Harvest SA.

Mdlambuzi T., Muchaonyerwa P., Tsubo M. and Moshia E.M. 2020. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer value of biogas slurry and cattle manure for soybean (Glycine max), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays L.). Heylion Journal.

Mdlambuzi Thandile, Muchaonyerwa Pardon, Tsubo Mitsuru. 2020. Short-term effects of selected organic fertiliser sources on carbon dioxide fluxes and soil quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20174.

• BSc-Agric (Soil Science) – University of Forte Hare
• BSc-Hns (Soil Science); MSc (Soil Science); PhD (Soil Science) – University of KwaZulu Natal

Tissue culture / plant micropropagation, molecular biology and glasshouse maintenance.

Qualification: B.Tech (Biotechnology)

• Arc GIS server and Portal (WebGIS).
• GeoDatabase Administration and GIS modelling.
• Hyperspectral remote sensing.
• Land Use Planning.

• Developing a Web GIS system that is accessible to relevant disciplines within the industry.
• Providing remotely sensed information for proactive decision-making.

• Accurate mapping of sugarcane growing areas.
• Incorporation of static data into GIS to create models that assist in problem solving and decision making.
• Efficiency in monitoring operations in research farms and in Extension areas.
• Accessibility of spatial data to all stakeholders.

Van den Berg M, McElligot DM, Rhodes R, McFarlane SA and Mthembu IB. 2009. SASRI’s monitor farm:Putting theory into practice.  Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 82: 636 – 638

Mthembu IB, Collings KA and Maher GW. 2014. Review of the SASRI geographic information system service. Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 87: 126

• BSc Plant Molecular Biology (Natal)
• (HDE) Higher Diploma in Education (Natal)
• BSoc Sci (Hons) Geographical Science (Natal)
• MSc Environment and Development (UKZN)
• Certificate: Advanced Remote Sensing, Image Processing and GIS in Natural Resource Management (ITC Enschede)
• Certificate: Management Development Programme (DUT BSU)

• Simulation modelling.
• Software development in C#, VB, PHP and Java.

• Crop simulation modelling.
• Software support programs.
• Irrigation scheduling, soil-water-balance.
• Operations Research.
• Computer Science.
• Mathematics.
• Web programming.
• Algorithms.

• Weather data acquisition and processing
• Crop modelling

• Soil-crop-climate interactions.
• Web-based decision support tools (technology development).
• Crop Modelling.

MSc. Agricultural Meteorology (University of Zimbabwe)

Farm infrastructure, irrigation and mechanisation systems engineering.

Mechanisation and transport initiatives:

• System analyses, costings and optimisation.
• Equipment performance and efficiencies.
• Sugarcane logistics and vehicle optimisation.
• RTMS and PBS vehicles.
• Soil compaction and stool damage.
• Farming systems.
• New technology.

BSc Eng (University of Natal), PhD (UKZN)

• Tissue culture of sugarcane.
• Precision breeding using microprojectile bombardment.
• DNA analysis: PCR, Southern blot analysis.
• Protein detection: Western blots.Tissue culture of sugarcane.
• Precision breeding using microprojectile bombardment.
• DNA analysis: PCR, Southern blot analysis.
• Protein detection: Western blots.

• Direct and indirect morphogenesis of sugarcane in vitro, in semi-solid media and temporary immersion RITA® bioreactors.
• Acclimatisation of tissue culture-derived plantlets.
• Production and analysis of transgenic sugarcane plants.

• Involvement in scaling up production of NovaCane® plants for use in regional seedcane schemes.
• Use of novel explant source, leaf roll discs containing floral initials, as recipient tissue for DNA delivery.

Snyman SJ, Meyer GM, Richards JM, Haricharan N, Ramgareeb S and Huckett BI (2006) Refining the application of direct embryogenesis in sugarcane: effect of the developmental phase of leaf disc explants and the timing of DNA transfer on transformation efficiency. Plant Cell Reports 25:1016-1023.

MSc (Natal).

• Specialist Molecular Techniques: PCR, qPCR, molecular cloning, Gene expression analysis, DNA sequencing.
• Bioinformatics: analysis of NGS data, genome assembly and annotation, RNA-seq.

• Development of methodologies and pipelines for RNA-seq data analysis in sugarcane.
• Sugarcane genome assembly using the BAC-by-BAC approach.
• Identification of novel tissue specific promoters.

RM Jacob, BAM Potier and D Lloyd Evans (2016). Towards a reference sugarcane transcriptome: Increasing ESTs to full-length transcripts using available genomic resources. SA Genetics Society and SA Society for Bioinformatics Joint Congress, 20 – 23 September 2016, Durban, South Africa (Poster).

BAM Potier, Jacob RM and Lloyd Evans D (2015). Integrating transcriptomics and expression analysis: the SASRI approach. ISSCT Joint 11th Germplasm and Breeding and 8th Molecular Biology Workshop, 1-5 June 2015, Saint-Gilles, Reunion Island.

RM Jacob, DL Sweby and A Brass (2014). Analysis of subtracted cDNA libraries: the regulation of photosynthesis through sugar signalling in sugarcane. SA Genetics Society and SA Society for Bioinformatics Joint Congress, 23 -26 September 2014, Pretoria, South Africa (Poster).

Potier BAM, Makome SL and Jacob RM (2012). Leaf and Root-Specific Sorghum Promoters Whose Transcripts Are Also Tissue-Specific in Maize and Sugarcane. Plant and Animal Genome Conference XX, 14-18 January 2012, San Diego, USA.

• BSc Hons (UKZN) Genetics and Biochemistry.
• MSc (University of Manchester) Bioinformatics.

• Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
• Transgene Analysis: Northern and Southern blotting, whole plant Radiolabelling.
• Cloning.
• Separation techniques: HPLC and TLC.
• Enzyme Assays and Enzyme Kinetics.

• Source-sink relationships in sugarcane.
• Carbon partitioning in the sugarcane culm.
• Carbohydrate metabolism during sucrose accumulation in the sugarcane stalk.
• DNA fingerprinting for identification purposes.
• AFLP Molecular markers.

Linkage disequilibrium mapping of commercial sugarcane germplasm for application in breeding programs.

Albertse, EH., Edwards, TJ., Butterfield, MK. Poster: Microsatellite fingerprinting as a quality control tool in sugarcane breeding and genetic marker research. SAAB, 18 – 22 January 2004.

Butterfield, MK., Richards, JM., Albertse EH. Progress and Prospects for Molecular Breeding in the South African Sugarcane Variety Improvement Programme. SASTA, 27 – 30 July 2004.

MSc (Free Sate).

MSc (Environmental Science).